Pope of the Catholic Church from 1243 to 1254
A canon lawyer turned pope who authorized torture against heretics in a 1252 bull, treating religious dissent as ordinary crime. His twelve-year papacy was defined by open war with the Holy Roman Emperor — a conflict so dangerous he fled Rome for France.
Sinibaldo Fieschi was born in Genoa around 1195 and trained in law at Parma and Bologna, earning a reputation as a gifted canonist that brought him to the Roman Curia under Honorius III. Gregory IX made him a cardinal in 1235 and sent him to govern the Ancona. Elected pope in 1243, he inherited a bitter territorial struggle with Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and left Rome the next year to escape imperial assassination plots, settling in France. He returned in 1250 after Frederick's death. On 15 May 1252 he issued the bull Ad extirpanda, authorizing the use of torture against heretics by equa…
Sourced, dated quotes from Pope Innocent IV
Our dear Son, the Chancellor of Paris, and the Doctors, before the clergy and people, publicly burned by fire the aforesaid books (The Talmud) with all their appendices.
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