Pope of the Catholic Church from 1370 to 1378
The last pope to rule from Avignon and the man who moved the papacy back to Rome after seven decades in France — a return that held just long enough for him to die and the church to fracture.
Born Pierre Roger de Beaufort around 1329, he became head of the Catholic Church in December 1370, the seventh pontiff to govern from Avignon rather than Rome. In 1377 he reversed nearly 70 years of exile and brought the papal court back to the Eternal City. He died in Rome in March 1378, barely a year after the move. What followed was the Western Schism: rival popes, two of them based back in Avignon, and a split that would crack the church for decades.
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