Pope of the Catholic Church 1334–1342
The third pope to reign from Avignon instead of Rome, he built the palace that would anchor the papacy in France for decades and settled a theological fight over whether souls could see God before the end of the world.
Jacques Fournier was a cardinal and inquisitor before his election on 30 December 1334. Once pope, he reformed monastic orders and worked against nepotism, but couldn't move the papal seat back to Rome or even to Bologna — so he started construction on the great palace at Avignon that would define the exile. His papacy centered on two struggles: one theological, one political. The theological fight he won, issuing the bull Benedictus Deus to resolve John XXII's beatific vision controversy by declaring that souls could reach the fullness of seeing God before the Last Judgment. The political fig…
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