Pope of the Catholic Church from 1655 to 1667
A 17th-century pope who started his reign refusing family favors, then let his relatives run the show anyway. He filled Rome with Baroque monuments while arguing about whether the Earth moved and feuding with the French.
Fabio Chigi climbed through papal diplomacy, took holy orders in 1634, and moved between southern Italian bishoprics before Innocent X brought him to Rome as secretary of state in 1651 and made him cardinal the next year. Elected pope in April 1655, Alexander VII opened with austerity and a hard line against nepotism — a posture that didn't last. His relatives soon crowded into his administration and steered it. He backed the Jesuits and tangled with French diplomats, straining relations with France. Between the friction he poured energy into Rome itself: architecture, urban projects, church d…
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