Pope of the Catholic Church from 1522 to 1523 (1459–1523)
The last non-Italian pope for four and a half centuries, he arrived in 1522 to a Church splitting at the seams — Luther's revolt north, Ottoman armies east, and a curia that wouldn't let him fix any of it.
Adriaan Florensz Boeyens was born in Utrecht on 2 March 1459, studied theology at the University of Leuven, and rose to professor and rector before becoming tutor to the future Charles V in 1507. Charles trusted him enough to make him bishop of Tortosa in 1516, then Grand Inquisitor of Aragon and Castile; Pope Leo X added a cardinal's hat in 1517. Elected pope on 9 January 1522 as a compromise candidate, Adrian inherited a crisis on all fronts: Lutheranism spreading, the Ottomans advancing, and a corrupt Roman Curia. He refused theological compromise with Luther but openly admitted the Church'…
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