Holy Roman Emperor from 973 to 983 and King of Italy from 980 to 983
He inherited the most powerful throne in Europe at eighteen, held it through a family civil war, then gambled everything on conquering Italy — and lost to Muslim forces in a rout that unraveled the eastern frontier. Dead at twenty-eight, leaving a three-year-old heir and an empire in crisis.
Otto II was born in 955, the youngest and only surviving son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy. His father made him joint-ruler of Germany at six and co-Emperor at twelve to lock in the succession, then arranged his marriage to the Byzantine princess Theophanu. When Otto the Great died in 973 after thirty-seven years, Otto II took absolute power at eighteen without contest. Early on he crushed a revolt from rival branches of the Ottonian dynasty claiming the throne, a victory that let him cut the Bavarian line out of succession and secure the crown for his own son. From 980 he turned sou…
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