Henry III of England

Henry became King of England in 1216 at age nine, midway through the First Barons' War, which his regent William Marshal won by declaring it a crusade. After Marshal's death in 1219, Hubert de Burgh ran the government until Henry took personal control following a 1232 revolt. He ruled from a handful of favored palaces, married Eleanor of Provence, and spent lavishly on religious ceremonies and his devotion to Edward the Confessor, while extracting ruinous sums from England's Jews and later segregating them by statute. His attempts to reclaim lost French territories failed spectacularly — a 123…