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Hammurabi

Sixth king of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 BCE) · Historical Figures · Lived 1810 BC to 1750 BC · aged 60

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He conquered Mesopotamia in the 18th century BC, but what keeps his name in circulation is the law code - one of the first to flip the script from compensating victims to punishing perpetrators, and to bake in presumption of innocence.

Also in Deutsch

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In their own words 3

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Hammurabi
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3 statements, newest first
  1. Anu and Bel called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land.

    Preface to the Code of Hammurabi (translated by Leonard William King, 1910), Own words

  2. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.

    Section 196 of the Code of Hammurabi (translated by Leonard William King, 1910), Own words

  3. Laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise king, established.

    Epilogue to the Code of Hammurabi (translated by Leonard William King, 1910), Own words

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Hammurabi took the throne of Babylon around 1792 BC after his father abdicated, then spent his reign swallowing city-states: Larsa, Eshnunna, Mari. He broke Assyria's king and forced his son into tribute, pulling nearly all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian control. The law code he issued - framed as a revelation from Shamash, god of justice - prescribed specific penalties for each crime and capped what victims could claim in retribution, a break from earlier Sumerian codes. He was worshipped as a god while alive, celebrated after death as the conqueror who spread civilization and made the world bow to Marduk. His military wins faded from memory, but the lawgiver stuck: later kings claimed him as ancestor, and even after his empire crumbled, Mesopotamians used his reign as the zero-point for dating the past. Archaeologists pulled him back into view in the late 19th century, and he's been lodged in the history of law ever since.

Category
Historical Figures
Type
Historical Figure
Status
deceased
Dates
Lived 1810 BC to 1750 BC · aged 60

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