King of Bahrain since 2002 and Emir from 1999 to 2002
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He's ruled Bahrain for over two decades, first as emir, then king — presiding over what observers call an authoritarian system where dissent draws crackdowns and citizenship can be revoked by the hundred.
Born 28 January 1950 into the Al Khalifa dynasty, Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa became ruler of Bahrain in 1999 as emir, then declared himself king in 2002. Political and civil freedoms are substantially curtailed under his rule. When the Arab Spring stirred in 2011, his regime answered with a broad crackdown — tightening restrictions further and stripping citizenship from hundreds of people over the years that followed.
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