Ukrainian military, political and statesman, Hetman of the Zaporizhzhya Army, head of Ukraine (1648–1657) during the Hetmanship
He commanded the Cossack uprising that broke Polish rule over Ukraine in 1648, declared an independent state, and ordered massacres that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews — then handed his new state to Moscow.
Zynoviy Bohdan Mykhailovych Khmelnytsky, born around 1595 into Ruthenian nobility, became Hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossacks while they served under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1648 he led a successful revolt against the Commonwealth and its magnates, winning battles that carved out an independent Cossack state. Between 1648 and at least 1652, his forces massacred tens of thousands of Poles and Jews and sold more as slaves to Crimean Tatar allies, aiming to eradicate non-Orthodox populations — one of the most traumatic episodes in Polish and Jewish history. In 1654 Khmelnytsky signe…
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