Arnold J. Toynbee

Arnold Joseph Toynbee was born 14 April 1889 in England and built his career as a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London. From 1918 to 1950 he was regarded as a leading specialist on international affairs, and from 1929 to 1956 he directed studies at Chatham House, where he produced 34 volumes of the *Survey of International Affairs* — a reference work that became essential reading for British foreign policy circles. His real mark came with *A Study of History*, published in 12 volumes between 1934 and 1961, a sprawling attempt t…