Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1462 to 1505
He tripled Moscow's reach, ended two centuries of Tatar overlordship, and styled himself tsar before the word stuck. Ivan III built the scaffolding of the Russian state—borders, law code, the Kremlin itself—while Europe was still figuring out what to call him.
Born in 1440, Ivan co-ruled beside his blind father Vasily II before taking full power as Grand Prince of Moscow in 1462. Over the next four decades he seized, bought, and inherited territory from rival princes, multiplying the state several times over. His 1480 victory over the Great Horde broke the Tatar yoke that had held Russia for generations. He renovated the Kremlin, drafted a new legal code, and began using the title tsar in letters to foreign courts—though at home he stuck with grand prince until the Habsburgs made it official. His marriage to Sophia Palaiologina brought the double-he…
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