# Fame.am profile — machine-readable export
# Canonical URL: https://fame.am/person/rudolf-ii-holy-roman-emperor
# Generated: 2026-09-01T22:25:03.295Z

schema: https://schema.org/Person
url: "https://fame.am/person/rudolf-ii-holy-roman-emperor"
name: "Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor"
slug: "rudolf-ii-holy-roman-emperor"
description: "An emperor who turned his court into a laboratory of alchemy and astronomy while his empire slid toward the war that would tear Europe apart for three decades."
tagline: "Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria (1552-1612)"
image: "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Joseph_Heintz_d._%C3%84._002.jpg"
gender: "male"
country:
  name: "Austria"
  isoCode: "AT"
category:
  name: "Historical Figures"
  slug: "historical-figures"
profileType:
  name: "Historical Figure"
  slug: "historical-figure"
  entityType: "https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2798645"
birthDate: "1552-07-18"
deathDate: "1612-01-20"
livingStatus: "DECEASED"
scores:
  popularity:           58.54
  momentum:             0
  historical:           24.40386533333334
  currentAttention:     0
  sourceConfidence:     60
  profileCompleteness:  70
  trendDirection:       "STABLE"
ranks:
  global:   null
  country:  172
  category: null
tags:
  - name: "Politicians"
    slug: "politicians"
  - name: "Politician"
    slug: "politician"
  - name: "Politics"
    slug: "politics"
  - name: "Royalty"
    slug: "royalty"
  - name: "Early Modern Era"
    slug: "early-modern-era"
sources:
  - url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"
    title: "Wikipedia"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150586"
    title: "Wikidata"
    type:  "WIKIDATA"
  - url: "https://pantheon.world/profile/person/Rudolf%20II%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor"
    title: "Pantheon 2.0"
    type:  "DATABASE"
  - url: "https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81"
    title: "ایکینجی رودلف"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Rudolf_(M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Roma_imperatoru)"
    title: "II Rudolf (Müqəddəs Roma imperatoru)"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://be_x_old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_II_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3"
    title: "Рудольф II Габсбург"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_II_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3"
    title: "Рудольф II Габсбург"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_II"
    title: "Рудолф II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II_an_Impalaeriezh_Santel"
    title: "Rudolf II an Impalaeriezh Santel"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II%2C_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva"
    title: "Rudolf II, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolf_II_del_Sacre_Imperi_Romanogerm%C3%A0nic"
    title: "Rodolf II del Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II."
    title: "Rudolf II."
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II%2C_Ymerawdwr_Gl%C3%A2n_Rhufeinig"
    title: "Rudolf II, Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_2._(Tysk-romerske_rige)"
    title: "Rudolf 2. (Tysk-romerske rige)"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II._(HRR)"
    title: "Rudolf II. (HRR)"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82"
    title: "Ροδόλφος Β΄ της Αγίας Ρωμαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor"
    title: "Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolfo_la_2-a_(Sankta_Romia_Imperio)"
    title: "Rudolfo la 2-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_II_del_Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Germ%C3%A1nico"
    title: "Rodolfo II del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II"
    title: "Rudolf II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_II.a_Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santukoa"
    title: "Rodolfo II.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85"
    title: "رودلف دوم"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_II"
    title: "Rudolf II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolphe_II_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)"
    title: "Rodolphe II (empereur du Saint-Empire)"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_II"
    title: "Rodolfo II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%2C_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94"
    title: "רודולף השני, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://cs.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rudolf_II."
    title: "Wikiquote"
    type:  "WEBSITE"
  - url: "https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A"
    title: "رودولف الثاني"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A"
    title: "رودولف التاني"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"

# bio (long form, separated for readability)
bio: |
  Rudolf II became Holy Roman Emperor in 1576, inheriting crowns across Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from the House of Habsburg. Determined to reunify Christendom, he launched the Long Turkish War against the Ottoman Empire in 1593, a thirteen-year struggle that drained his treasury and his people's patience. By 1604, exhausted Hungarians rose in the Bocskai Uprising, forcing Rudolf to cede authority to his brother Matthias, who stripped him of Hungary and Bohemia by 1608. Rudolf maintained a policy of tolerance toward Jews and gathered artists, astronomers, and occultists in Prague—patronage that shaped Northern Mannerist art and seeded early scientific inquiry. He died in 1612, four years into his brother's shadow reign and six years before the Thirty Years' War made his political failures plain.