# Fame.am profile — machine-readable export
# Canonical URL: https://fame.am/person/mahmud-ii
# Generated: 2026-08-31T15:47:37.996Z

schema: https://schema.org/Person
url: "https://fame.am/person/mahmud-ii"
name: "Mahmud II"
slug: "mahmud-ii"
description: "The Ottoman sultan who broke his own empire's spine to save it. In 1826, Mahmud II massacred the Janissaries — the elite military caste that had both protected and paralyzed the state for centuries — then built a modern army on the wreckage."
tagline: "30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1808–1839)"
image: "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Mahmud_II.jpg"
gender: "male"
country:
  name: "Turkey"
  isoCode: "TR"
category:
  name: "Historical Figures"
  slug: "historical-figures"
profileType:
  name: "Historical Figure"
  slug: "historical-figure"
  entityType: "https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2798645"
birthDate: "1785-07-20"
deathDate: "1839-07-01"
livingStatus: "DECEASED"
scores:
  popularity:           63.58
  momentum:             3.061308945085564
  historical:           26.409768
  currentAttention:     24.07282651681673
  sourceConfidence:     60
  profileCompleteness:  70
  trendDirection:       "STABLE"
ranks:
  global:   null
  country:  205
  category: 222
tags:
  - name: "Politicians"
    slug: "politicians"
  - name: "Politician"
    slug: "politician"
  - name: "Politics"
    slug: "politics"
  - name: "Turkey"
    slug: "turkey"
  - name: "Middle East"
    slug: "middle-east"
  - name: "19th Century"
    slug: "19th-century"
sources:
  - url: "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174791"
    title: "Wikidata"
    type:  "WIKIDATA"
  - url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II"
    title: "Wikipedia"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://pantheon.world/profile/person/Mahmud%20II"
    title: "Pantheon 2.0"
    type:  "DATABASE"
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    title: "محمود الثاني"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89"
    title: "محمود التانى"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmut_II"
    title: "Mahmut II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF"
    title: "ایکینجی محمود"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
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    title: "II Mahmud"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
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    title: "Мәхмүт II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
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    title: "Махмуд II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4_II"
    title: "Махмуд II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4_II"
    title: "Махмуд II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
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    title: "দ্বিতীয় মাহমুদ"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
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    title: "Mahmut II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II"
    title: "Mahmud II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmut_II"
    title: "Mahmut II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85"
    title: "مەحموودی دووەم"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Mahmud"
    title: "II Mahmud"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmut_II."
    title: "Mahmut II."
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_2."
    title: "Mahmud 2."
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II."
    title: "Mahmud II."
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II"
    title: "Mahmud II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%84"
    title: "Μαχμούτ Β΄"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmudo_la_2-a"
    title: "Mahmudo la 2-a"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmut_II"
    title: "Mahmut II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://sr.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4_II"
    title: "Wikiquote"
    type:  "WEBSITE"
  - url: "https://tr.wikiquote.org/wiki/II._Mahmud"
    title: "Wikiquote"
    type:  "WEBSITE"
  - url: "https://musicbrainz.org/artist/53bda8e1-048a-4d13-a242-48a47abb569f"
    title: "MusicBrainz"
    type:  "DATABASE"
  - url: "https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoed_II"
    title: "Mahmoed II"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_II."
    title: "Mahmud II."
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"

# bio (long form, separated for readability)
bio: |
  Mahmud took the throne in 1808 after a coup unseated his half-brother, inheriting an empire already shedding pieces: Bessarabia went to Russia by 1812, Greece broke free with European backing by 1832, Algeria fell to France from 1830. The hemorrhaging convinced him that reform couldn't wait for consensus. In 1826 he staged the Auspicious Incident, forcibly abolishing the Kapıkulu and executing many members, clearing the path for a modern military. With that army he recentralized power, forcing provincial strongmen to submit, overhauling the bureaucracy and foreign office, and in his final years establishing a Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances and a Council of Ministers. Tuberculosis killed him in 1839, but his son Abdülmecid inherited the blueprint.