# Fame.am profile — machine-readable export
# Canonical URL: https://fame.am/person/fernando-alvarez-de-toledo-3rd-duke-of-alba
# Generated: 2026-09-02T22:44:04.704Z

schema: https://schema.org/Person
url: "https://fame.am/person/fernando-alvarez-de-toledo-3rd-duke-of-alba"
name: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba"
slug: "fernando-alvarez-de-toledo-3rd-duke-of-alba"
description: "A general so ruthlessly effective that the Dutch still call him the Iron Duke four centuries later. Alba crushed Protestant armies across Europe for the Habsburgs, then earned eternal infamy by drowning the Netherlands rebellion in tribunals his victims named the Council of Blood."
tagline: "Spanish military tactician and diplomat (1507-1582)"
image: "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_III_Duque_de_Alba%2C_retratado_por_Antonio_Moro.jpg?width=1200"
gender: "male"
country:
  name: "Spain"
  isoCode: "ES"
category:
  name: "Politicians"
  slug: "politicians"
profileType:
  name: "Public Official"
  slug: "public-official"
birthDate: "1507-10-29"
deathDate: "1582-12-11"
livingStatus: "DECEASED"
scores:
  popularity:           55.25
  momentum:             0
  historical:           24.070268
  currentAttention:     0
  sourceConfidence:     60
  profileCompleteness:  70
  trendDirection:       "STABLE"
ranks:
  global:   null
  country:  null
  category: null
tags:
  - name: "Politicians"
    slug: "politicians"
  - name: "Other"
    slug: "other"
  - name: "Politics"
    slug: "politics"
  - name: "Spain"
    slug: "spain"
  - name: "Europe"
    slug: "europe"
  - name: "Early Modern Era"
    slug: "early-modern-era"
sources:
  - url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"
    title: "Wikipedia"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80847"
    title: "Wikidata"
    type:  "WIKIDATA"
  - url: "https://pantheon.world/profile/person/Fernando%20%C3%81lvarez%20de%20Toledo%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Alba"
    title: "Pantheon 2.0"
    type:  "DATABASE"
  - url: "https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Alvares_de_Toledo_Alba"
    title: "Fernando Alvares de Toledo Alba"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE"
    title: "Фернандо Алварес де Толедо"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_y_Pimentel"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_3._v%C3%A9voda_z_Alby"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3. vévoda z Alby"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_Herzog_von_Alba"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Herzog von Alba"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%BF"
    title: "Φερδινάνδος Άλβαρο ντε Τολέδο"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_3rd_Duke_of_Alba"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_y_Pimentel"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88"
    title: "فرناندو آلوارس د تولدو"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Alvare_de_Tol%C3%A8de"
    title: "Ferdinand Alvare de Tolède"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_hartoch_fan_Alva"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, hartoch fan Alva"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_y_Pimentel"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%2C_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%94"
    title: "פרננדו אלברס דה טולדו, הדוכס השלישי מאלבה"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_Alba"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo Alba"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_y_Pimentel"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1"
    title: "Ֆեռնանդո Ալբա"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo"
    title: "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%89"
    title: "フェルナンド・アルバレス・デ・トレド"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE"
    title: "Фернандо Альварес де Толедо"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"
  - url: "https://es.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_y_Pimentel"
    title: "Wikiquote"
    type:  "WEBSITE"
  - url: "https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo"
    title: "Wikiquote"
    type:  "WEBSITE"
  - url: "https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ferdynand_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo%2C_ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Alba"
    title: "Wikiquote"
    type:  "WEBSITE"
  - url: "https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88_(%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB)"
    title: "فرناندو ألفاريز دي توليدو (دوق ألبا الثالث)"
    type:  "WIKIPEDIA"

# bio (long form, separated for readability)
bio: |
  Born in 1507 to a Castilian military house, Alba cut his teeth at the 1535 conquest of Tunis against the Ottomans and proved his command at Mühlberg in 1547, where Charles V's forces broke the German Protestant princes. He led Spanish-Habsburg armies through the Italian War of 1551–1559, serving as governor of Milan and viceroy of Naples. In 1567 Philip II sent him to the Netherlands to kill the rebellion: Alba's Council of Troubles condemned thousands, and though he defeated William of Orange's forces repeatedly in the early Eighty Years' War, the revolt wouldn't die. Recalled in disgrace in 1573, he redeemed himself in the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis and died in Lisbon two years later as viceroy and constable of Portugal.