# Abdul Hamid II

> The last Ottoman sultan to hold real power, he opened his reign with a constitution and closed it deposed — thirty years of autocracy in between, marked by territorial hemorrhage, secret police, and massacres that earned him the name "Red Sultan."

*34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876–1909)*

**Canonical URL:** https://fame.am/person/abdul-hamid-ii

## Identity
- **Profile type:** Historical Figure ([Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q2798645))
- **Category:** Historical Figures
- **Country:** Turkey
- **Born:** 1842-09-21
- **Died:** 1918-02-10
- **Status:** deceased
- **Gender:** male

## Bio

Abdülhamid II became the 34th sultan in 1876 amid coups and crisis: the empire had defaulted on its loans, Balkan Christians were in revolt, and war with Russia loomed. He promulgated the empire's first constitution, a nod to the Young Ottomans who'd helped elevate him, but suspended it two years later along with parliament, purging reformers and ruling as an autocrat for three decades. The borders kept shrinking — Egypt, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Tunisia, and Thessaly slipped away between 1877 and 1882, though he won a war against Greece in 1897. An Islamist who styled himself Caliph to the world's Muslims, he built railways with German help, expanded schools across the empire, and ran a paranoid surveillance state through secret police and censors. The schools he founded became his undoing: discontented intelligentsia coalesced into the Young Turks, ethnic minorities organized liberation movements, and Armenians suffered pogroms under the Hamidiye regiments he'd created. In 1908 the Committee of Union and Progress forced him to restore the constitution; a year later, after he tried to seize back absolute power, they deposed him.

## Fame
- **Popularity score:** 71.2 / 100
- **Momentum:** 17.7 / 100  (trend: RISING)
- **Historical depth:** 27.9 / 100
- **Now attention:** 43.9 / 100
- **Source confidence:** 60.0 / 100
- **Profile completeness:** 70.0 / 100
- **Country rank:** #74
- **Category rank:** #73

## Topics
#Politicians, #Politician, #Politics, #Turkey, #Middle East, #19th Century

## Sources
- [Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134817)
- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II)
- [Pantheon 2.0](https://pantheon.world/profile/person/Abdul%20Hamid%20II)
- [عبد الحميد الثاني](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A)
- [عبد الحميد التانى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89)
- [Abdul Hamid II](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II)
- [ایکینجی عبدالحمید](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF)
- [II Əbdülhəmid](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%C6%8Fbd%C3%BClh%C9%99mid)
- [Әбделхәмит II](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_II)
- [Абдул-Хамід II](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4_II)
- [Абдул Хамид II](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4_II)
- [দ্বিতীয় আব্দুল হামিদ](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6)
- [Abdülhamit II](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamit_II)
- [Abdulhamid II](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamid_II)
- [Abdul Hamid II](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II)
- [عەبدولحەمیدی دووەم](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85)
- [II Abdülhamid](https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Abd%C3%BClhamid)
- [Abdulhamid II.](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulhamid_II.)
- [Abdülhamid II](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II)
- [Abdülhamid 2.](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_2.)
- [Abdülhamid II.](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II.)
- [Abdul Hamid II](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II)
- [Αμπντούλ Χαμίτ Β΄](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%84)
- [Abd-ul-Hamid la 2-a](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-ul-Hamid_la_2-a)
- [Abdul Hamid II](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II)
- [Wikiquote](https://ar.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A)
- [Wikiquote](https://az.wikiquote.org/wiki/II_%C6%8Fbd%C3%BClh%C9%99mid)
- [Wikiquote](https://bn.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6)
- [Wikiquote](https://cs.wikiquote.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamit_II.)
- [Wikiquote](https://fa.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85)

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